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321 Stainless Steel Sheet
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321 stainless steel sheet is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel designed to improve resistance to intergranular corrosion after welding or exposure to high temperatures. It is widely used in heat-resistant and high-temperature structural applications.
The material is commonly referred to as 321 stainless steel, and it is closely related to 304 stainless steel, but with added titanium for stabilization.
1. Chemical Composition of 321 Stainless Steel
The main difference between 321 and 304 stainless steel is the addition of titanium (Ti), which prevents chromium carbide precipitation during welding or high-temperature service.
Typical Chemical Composition (%)
| Element | Content (%) |
|---|---|
| Chromium (Cr) | 17.0 – 19.0 |
| Nickel (Ni) | 9.0 – 12.0 |
| Carbon (C) | ≤ 0.08 |
| Titanium (Ti) | ≥ 5×C (typically 0.30 – 0.70) |
| Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 2.0 |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 1.0 |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.045 |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.03 |
| Iron (Fe) | Balance |
Titanium binds with carbon to form stable titanium carbides, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion.
2. Mechanical Properties
| Property | Typical Value |
|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | ≥ 515 MPa |
| Yield Strength | ≥ 205 MPa |
| Elongation | ≥ 40% |
| Hardness | ≤ 201 HB |
321 stainless steel maintains good ductility and toughness even at elevated temperatures.
3. Key Performance Characteristics
3.1 Resistance to Intergranular Corrosion
Titanium stabilization prevents sensitization during welding and long-term exposure between 450–850°C.
3.2 Excellent High-Temperature Strength
Suitable for continuous service up to about 870°C.
3.3 Good Oxidation Resistance
Performs well in high-temperature oxidizing environments.
3.4 Good Weldability
Suitable for TIG and MIG welding
No need for post-weld annealing in most cases
Stable mechanical properties after welding
4. Common Applications of 321 Stainless Steel Sheet
4.1 Aerospace Industry
Aircraft exhaust manifolds
Engine components
Heat shields
4.2 Petrochemical Industry
High-temperature pipelines
Refinery equipment
Heat exchangers
4.3 Power Generation
Boiler components
Superheater parts
Pressure vessels
4.4 Heat Treatment Equipment
Furnace components
Annealing boxes
Thermal processing equipment
5. Comparison with Other Austenitic Grades
| Grade | Stabilizing Element | Main Advantage | Typical Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| 304 | None | General corrosion resistance | Food equipment |
| 321 | Titanium (Ti) | High-temp stability | Exhaust systems |
| 347 | Niobium (Nb) | Welded high-temp structures | Chemical plants |
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